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Based on chemical equilibrium assumption, a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical model was developed for a GSP gasifier. The Euler–Lagrange approach was applied to describe the multiphase flow in the reactor. The mixture fractions were used to describe the thermochemistry. The probability density function (PDF) of β-function was used to model the turbulence–chemistry interaction. The stochastic...
Fractal characterization was conducted on coal samples collected from shallow and deep coal mine layers, to better understand the process required to exploit deep layer coal bed methane (CBM). Data from N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms were used to assess the irregularities of coal pore surfaces (Ds) and the heterogeneities of pore structures (Dp) on the basis of modified Frenkel–Halsey–Hill...
This work describes a study of the purification of biodiesel produced from sunflower oil by dry cold washing using natural adsorbents as cellulose and starch from different sources (corn, potato, cassava and rice), and the comparison with dry cold washing with a commercial adsorbent Select 450® and with the conventional wet washing with hot water. The purification by dry washing was carried out by...
The chemical states of sulfur and nitrogen in high-sulfur coals were investigated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Twenty-five high-organic-sulfur coal samples of the Late Paleozoic from China were reported, fourteen of which were superhigh organic sulfur (SHOS) coals collected from southern China with organic sulfur contents>8% (on dry and ash-free basis). The aromatic fraction of organic...
Carbon dioxide has been identified as one of the main compounds affecting the stability of the earth’s climate. The reduction of the total volume of greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere is considered a key mechanism to mitigate climate change. Geological storage of CO 2 in deep saline aquifers is currently a well-accepted method of storage, because saline aquifers have larger storage...
Toluene reference fuel (TRF) is a kind of surrogate fuel for diesel. Clarifying the combustion mechanism of TRF is a key to understand the combustion of diesel. Alcohols are added into diesel to reduce the soot emission from engines. The formation mechanism of soot precursors, i.e., polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the premixed laminar flames of TRF, methanol-TRF blend, ethanol-TRF blend, and...
In situ transesterification of Chlorella alga was performed using 5–20wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst at either 60 or 100°C. The maximum ester yield in the range of 96–98% is comparative to the specification of ester content in biodiesel, 96%. A high excess of methanol was used in transesterification ensured also a high ester yield. The FAME was purified via adsorption of chlorophyll and carotenoids...
Coal is one of the most important primary energy sources worldwide. With the shortage of water resources and increasing acid rain, the studies on dry coal beneficiation have become more and more important. In this study, a gas-vibro fluidized bed introducing active pulsing gas into an air-dense medium fluidized bed was used for the deash and desulfurization of fine coal. The effects of gas velocity...
A Xinjiang subbituminous coal was directly oxidized in aqueous sodium hypochlorite and sequentially extracted with diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. The extracts were esterified with diazomethane and the esterified products were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer (HPLC/MS) equipped with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) or electrospray ionization (ESI)...
In this study, production of hydrocarbon fuel from Calophyllum inophyllum oil has been characterized for diesel engine application, by appraising essential fuel processing parameters. As opposed to traditional trans-esterification process, the reported oil was cracked using a catalyst, as the latter improves the fuel properties better than the former. In a bid to make the production process economically...
The results of experimental work to investigate the effects of air staging on emissions from energy crop combustion in small scale applications are presented. Five different biomass fuels (wood, willow, miscanthus, tall fescue and cocksfoot) were combusted in a small scale (35kW) biomass boiler and three different tests looking at the effects of (1) air ratio in the primary combustion chamber (primary...
A new metric for ranking the suitability of fuels in LTC engines was recently introduced, based on the fraction of potential fuel savings achieved in the FTP-75 light-duty vehicle driving cycle. In the current study, this LTC fuel performance index was calculated computationally and analyzed for a number of fuel blends comprised of n-heptane, isooctane, toluene, and ethanol in various combinations...
To meet the increasing volume of waste to be treated via energy recovery, high SRF-energy-share fuel is being fired in conventional waste-to-energy facilities. In this work, corrosion related risk during firing of 70 e-% share (target fuel) is studied and compared against the base case fuel containing 50 e-% share. Cl and S concentration is highest in the target fuel as a direct result of increasing...
Algae cultivation offers the potential to produce biofuels with much higher productivity than conventional soil-based crops. Organic oils can be extracted from algae using solvents such as alcohols and paraffins. A challenge is to define the most economical means to process these extracted oils into products such as chemical intermediates and liquid fuels. One approach is to add algal oils directly...
Lignite constitutes a major energy source and has long been used for energy production despite its contribution in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as a fossil fuel. For example, 27.4% of Germany’s electricity originates from lignite power plants, while in Greece more than 55% of its electric energy consumption is provided by lignite. 45% of the total global coal reserves consist of low-rank coals...
The byproduct (bio-char) from liquefaction of rice husk with water, water/ethanol (V/V, 5:5), or ethanol as the solvent at 260–340°C was characterized in terms of its elemental composition, thermogravimetric characteristics, surface area and pore size distribution, morphology, and oxygen-containing functional group composition. The liquefaction bio-char produced with water (WBC) or water/ethanol (WEBC)...
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